Abstract:
Micro-filtered, biologically treated sewage effluent (BTSE) generally has high sodiumadsorption ratio (SAR) and
sodium(Na) and chloride (Cl) concentrations. Therefore it cannot be directly used for irrigating sensitive crops. A
study was conducted on a micro-filtered BTSE from a Sydney water treatment plant to determine whether the
BTSE can be treated using nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) to bring these risk parameters within
safety limits. The study showed that using NF and RO alone could not produce the required ratio of SAR. Furthermore,
NF alone did not remove the necessary levels of Na and Cl ionswhile RO did. However, blending equal proportions
of NF permeate and RO permeate obtained from a two stages hybrid treatment system consisting of NF
followed by RO resulted in a product quality suitable for irrigation in terms of the above mentioned risk factors.
Utilizing NF prior to RO reduced the RO membrane fouling aswell. Both NF and RO removedmost of the pharmaceutical
and personal care products fromthe feedwater and this may subsequently protect soil and groundwater
from potential hazards.
