Dual membrane hybrid systems are becoming emergent in the production of high-quality reclaimed water for reusable purpose where microfiltration (MF) followed by Reverse Osmosis (RO) is commonly used worldwide. However, ...

Reverse osmosis concentrate (ROC) produced as the by-product of the reverse osmosis process consists of a high load of organics (macro and micro) that potentially cause eco-toxicological effects in the environment. Previous ...

The coir mill industry plays a significant role in the national economy, but its wastewater poses a substantial environmental challenge due to its high electrical conduc- tivity (EC), high chemical oxygen demand (COD) ...